Feasibility Research Plan for Associated British Foods

Feasibility Research Plan for Associated British Foods Top management of AB Mauri, a business unit of Associated British Foods, is planning to establish bakers yeast and bakery ingredients manufacturing plant in Bangladesh. Before investing in Bangladesh, the company needs a feasibility report. This outline report will introduce the aim and objectives of the main feasibility research. The paper will also define the research strategy including requirement of data, data collection methods and methods of analysing data for achieving the research objectives. The report also includes, how to analyse collected data to achieve the objectives and how to take decisions based on the findings of the research. 1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . After the rebirth of industrial globalisation back in 1980s, Asian, African and Latin American least developed countries became hotspots for relocating labour intensive industries by developed economies. The natural reason was enormous availability of cheap labours in those countries (Bradford 1925). Foreign direct investment in agriculture and the food industry, according to FAO (2004) as cited by Pingali (2010) grew significantly in Latin America and in Asia between the mid-1980s and mid-1990s. In Asia, FDI in the food industry nearly tripled, from $750 million to $2.1 billion during the last three decades and during the same period food industry investment grew exponentially in Latin America, from around $200 million to $3.3 billion (Pingali, 2010). The major Asian investment destinations were China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and India. However, countries like Bangladesh, Vietnam, Nepal and Maldives were ignored by the international investors. Especially B angladesh despite having one of the biggest population bases and cheapest labour forces could not attract FDI in food or other sectors due to political instability, severe power shortage and bureaucratic complexities. Nevertheless, recent development in the Bangladeshi economy has lifted the international confidence and the economy has become wide open for foreign direct investments. The objective of this paper is to outline a research plan to identify the feasibility of establishing a factory of AB Mauri business unit which will produce bakers yeast and bakery ingredients. 2. Aim and Objectives of the Feasibility Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The aim of the research is to identify whether establishing an AB Mauri plant in Bangladesh for producing bakers yeast and bakery ingredients is a feasible option for Associated British Foods Plc. To reach its aim the research team would require achieving the following objectives Explore current political and economic situation of Bangladesh and identify sustainability of political and economic stability; Investigate the supplies market to determine availability and cost of raw materials, labour and power and compare cost of production with current average cost of AB Mauri plants; Explore the local financial system and determine the impact of interest rate, inflation and exchange rate on future cash flow; Estimate and analyse the financial feasibility of the project considering five, ten and fifteen years of investment duration. 3. Research Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The findings of the research, in sequence of its objectives, should answer the following questions: How stable is political situation in Bangladesh for international businesses? What would be the cost of land, labour, materials and energy in Bangladesh? What government benefits are available for FDIs? What impact the economic variables can put on the business profitability? Is the project financially viable in various investment horizons? By answering all these questions, the research will be able to answer the main research question: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Is it feasible to establish AB Mauris manufacturing plant in Bangladesh?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? 4. Critical Literature Review. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The research team would require four areas of knowledge to conduct this research. First of all, the team must have very good idea of agricultural economics. Johnson (n.d.) defined agricultural economics the study of allocation and utilization of resources and commodities by farming. Johnson in his contributory article Encyclopaedia Britannica raised concern about falling agricultural outputs in developing economies and pointed factors like price and income instability, government intervention and some other issues as main constraints of agricultural industry. Pingali and Evenson (2010) in their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Handbook of Agricultural Economics discussed a wide range of issues including production and supply, agricultural risk management, innovation and research in agri-business, marketing and distribution, storage and price stabilisation of agricultural products and many other issues worthy to be reviewed by the researchers before starting the research work. Secondly, the researchers must have very good understanding of Associated British Foods business philosophy, return expectation, human resource policy and strategic issues. ABFs corporate website and annual reports can be very good source of these information. The company was first established in 1935 and took the name Associated British Food in 1960 and became a public limited corporation 1982. ABFs business is diversified into five segments: sugar, agriculture, retail, grocery and ingredients. The group has at least fifteen companies under its umbrella. AB Mauri, the business unit which this research is concerned about, produces yeast and bakery ingredients and has more than 40 plants in 28 countries. AB Mauris vision is to be the premier bakery solutions business around the world. According to the companys financial statements its average ROE is around 10%. The researchers must know more about companys return expectations, attitude toward risk and other preferences to evaluate the potentiality of doing business in Bangladesh. ABFs corporate website is an excellent information house and almost all information required to conduct this research is available there. Thirdly, the research would require gathering extensive information on Bangladeshi politics, society, economy and agricultural industry. Gathering political information for decision making is very tough. Bangladesh has a long history of political unrest. The countrys politics is led by two major parties Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Awami League. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Bangladesh Business Forecast Reportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? publishd by Business Monitor International can be used to have a deeper insight of political and economic trends. The report would also provide PESTEL and SWOT analysis of Bangladesh which would very useful information for this research. Publications of countrys central bank named Bangladesh Bank would be very useful to understand the economic paradigm of nation. On the economic data section of the banks website information of exchange, inflation and interest rate, money supply and national income are available. Average exchange rate of Taka against Pound Sterling is around B DT 120 and against dollar is BDT 70. Average interest rate is 5% and average annual inflation rate is around 8% to 10%. More valuable information about the economy is available in the banks website. To gather information on agricultural industry of Bangladesh website of Ministry of Agriculture can be very useful. According to the ministrys website total cultivable land in Bangladeshis is 8.44 million hectare and net cropped area is 7.8 million hectare. Contribution of agricultural sector to GDP is 13.44% and total manpower in agriculture is above 60%. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Handbook of Agricultural Statistics published by agricultural ministry can be a handful source of information to the researchers. Finally, the researchers must have very good idea of research, designing research and research methodology. Marczyk et al. (2005) termed research as cornerstone of scientific process which has the purpose to answer questions and acquire knowledge. According the authors of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Essential of Research Design and Methodologyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, researches are used for describing, explaining, and predicting. Research can be of various types descriptive or analytical, applied or fundamental, quantitative or qualitative and conceptual or empirical. Descriptive researches gather and present data to portray something that exists. On the other hand, analytical research collect and analyse data critically evaluate situation. Applied research tries to find out a solution for a specific problem and fundamental research builds up generalized theories. Quantitative analysis works with numeric data and qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomenon. The feasibility research so far is a mixture of descriptive, analytical and quantitative research. The researchers should also have capacity of evaluating financial information to determine financial viability of projects. 5. Research Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Like all other researches, the feasibility research would collect data from various sources and apply methods to convert data to information that answers the research questions. The overall research strategy can be summarised as following: Research Objectives Relevant Data Requirement Data Type and Probable Sources Research Method and Specific Techniques 1. Explore current political and economic situation in Bangladesh and identify sustainability of political economic stability Major political parties their philosophy; Political future; Interest rate, inflation rate, exchange rate etc. Secondary; Bangladesh Business Forecast Report published by Business Monitor International; Publications of Bangladesh Bank Descriptive- Qualitative analysis on political data; Trend/Time Series Analysis on economic variables 2. Investigate the supplies market to determine availability and cost of raw materials, labour and power compare cost of production with current average cost of AB Mauri plants Land area, productivity, labour availability and cost, materials availability and cost, power availability and cost; Average Cost of AB Mauri Plants Worldwide Secondary; Handbook of Agricultural Statistics and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Publications; AB Mauris costing reports Descriptive and Quantitative Analysis (Need to identify cost trend and future availability of land, labour and power; Comparison of new data and average cost 3. Explore the local financial system and determine the impact of interest rate, inflation and exchange rate on future cash flow Banking system, financial management practices and findings of data analysis for 1st objective; Secondary; Publications of Bangladesh Bank and Analysis of this research Descriptive Quantitative 4. Estimate and analyse the financial feasibility of the project considering five, ten and fifteen years of investment duration Financial projects based on information gathered and analysed in previous sections Secondary, findings of this research Quantitative- Financial Feasibility Analysis Table 1: Research Strategy 6. Research Data, Methodologies, Techniques and Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table-1 shows that the research will pursue varieties of methods to achieve different objectives. In following sections a brief explanation of research methodologies are given. (a) Describing Political-Economic Scenario and Estimating Sustainability First part of the analysis would be descriptive in nature. Data on political and economical information would be collected from secondary source and presented in meaningful way so that the overall scenarios can be analysed qualitatively. Also data collected on economic information would be placed in a statistical model to estimate future economic trend and sustainability of economic well being of the country. (b) Estimating Supply Cost and Availability The research would require knowing the cost of producing bakery yeast and ingredients in Bangladesh. To get information on cost of supplies data can either be collected form primary or secondary source. Labour market information can also be found from secondary sources stated above. The research methodology to achieve this objective would be partly descriptive and partly quantitative. Descriptive section would identify average cost of supplies and current market availability. The quantitative section will predict the trend in cost and compare it with average cost of other AB Mauri factories. (c) Measuring Impact of Economic Variables on AB Mauris Predicted Cash Flow The economic variables that might influence the estimated manufacturing cost in Bangladeshi plant are exchange rate, inflation rate and probably the interest rate. This part of the research, would require information collected and analysed on economic variables and cost of supplies. First section would be descriptive on the banking and financial system of Bangladesh. Second section of this part would be completely quantitative: associating the findings of future economic trend and predicted cost estimates. (d) Estimate the Financial Feasibility of the New Project The final section of the study would determine the estimated production volume, cost and expected price. The estimated financial information then would be used to calculate projects Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return and Project Payback Period. The research methodology would be quantitative and would require complex financial analysis. (e) Formulating Decision: Accepting or Rejecting FDI in Bangladesh After conducting all required analysis, the would finally formulate a decision about the feasibility of establishing an AB Mauri plant in Bangladesh using the following decision tool Researched Area Research Finding Points Political Stability Stable/Not Stable 2/0 Economic Stability Stable/Not Stable 3/0 Agricultural Industry Condition Favorable/Unfavorable 5/0 Supply Cost Below Average/Average/Above Average 5/0/-5 Impact of Economic Variable on Supply Cost Favourable/Unfavourable 5/0 Financial Feasibility (IRR) Negative/Less than 10%/More Than 10% -10/0/10 Total Score Range -15 to 30 A negative score would automatically reject the investment meaning that establishing an AB Mauri plant in Bangladeshis is not a feasible option. A score between 0 and 10 would mean the investment is considerable. Finally, score above 10 would mean establishing manufacturing plant in Bangladesh is highly feasible. 7. Research Benefits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The research project would benefit ABF on few specific areas. The first benefit is to the ABFs strategic management as the company would be aware about the feasibility of investing in agriculture of Bangladesh. The research report can also benefit ABF if it is planning for investing in other sector in Bangladesh. Finally, the research project model can be used for feasibility analysis for other projects even in other countries. 8. Ethical Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The research is not of experimental nature. Because of being an initial feasibility research it will collect questionnaire based data. All data will be acquired from secondary sources. Therefore it seems that there are no ethical issues involved with this research project. 9. Research Limitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The research is however limited in few areas. These limitations are summarised as below The research is using only secondary data; data would be collected from various sources that might be limited in quality; The research puts more weight on cost and financial feasibility information rather than political and social issues; For decision making, the research will weight the findings of financial viability analysis which is subject to risk; No techniques of risk management would be applied in predicting, forecasting and evaluating information gathered for this project.

Placing Blame for the My Lai Massacre

â€Å"As you can appreciate, our Army is faced with a tremendous challenge here in Vietnam. Initially our soldiers were committed strictly in an advisory role, and as such the number required was relatively small. But now it has become necessary to commit more and more US troops to actual combat. It is necessary therefore that our training programs in the United States be oriented toward the type of fighting we are involved in today in this country† (Westmoreland). From 1959-1975, America was involved in a prolonged conflict to prevent the spread of communism.Opposing forces were attempting to unify Vietnam under a communist government. In 1954, at the Geneva conference, Vietnam was divided at the 17th parallel, splitting the country into communist North Vietnam and non-communist South Vietnam. Communist sympathizers in South Vietnam formed the Viet Cong to use guerilla warfare against their fellow South Vietnamese. Fighting among the Viet Cong and South Vietnamese continued. When the North Vietnamese fired directly into two US ships in March of 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson ordered the first US ground troops to Vietnam.The original goal of US involvement in Vietnam was to aid the South’s defense until they could fight for themselves. As it turned out, this was not the outcome (Vietnam War). There are several questions surrounding the Vietnam War, many of which are still unanswered. For years, Americans have posed the following question: â€Å"Why did our soldiers attack hundreds of unarmed South Vietnamese in the My Lai village in March 1968? † United States soldiers shot, beat, and burned innocent unarmed farmers, women, and children. Why was this allowed to happen?Anytime a country goes into war, brutality is expected; casualties are expected. But when this brutality and these casualties come at the expense of 400 innocent Vietnamese, we must ask why. Although most do not condone what happened on March 16, 1968, those soldiers cannot be held responsible for several reasons: the Vietnamese were treating the US soldiers in the same manner, Americans had dehumanized the Vietnamese people, soldiers were unsure of who exactly the enemy was, and the orders they received were vague, soldiers were unaware that they could question authority.The My Lai incident on March 16, 1968 was purely a â€Å"military crime of obedience† (Newman). American soldiers are accustomed to being treated poorly by the natives of an occupied country, but it still influenced the actions that occurred on March 16. Lieutenant William Calley testified about the violent, unnecessary assaults that South Vietnamese soldiers carried out. A radio operator was killed in the first Pinkville assault when â€Å"the bullet just took his entire kidney out,† Calley explained (Who is Responsible†¦). Six innocent Vietnamese women were gunned down on their way to the market by South Vietnamese police.After an assault that killed six men and left another wounded, Calley says that â€Å"it instilled a deeper form of hatred toward the enemy† (Who is Responsible†¦). These brutal acts all occurred at the hand of the people our soldiers thought they were helping. How can these nineteen year old soldiers be expected to react to these violent actions with anything other than more violence? Possibly due to the poor treatment of soldiers, Americans began to dehumanize the Vietnamese people. There are two qualities that make someone â€Å"human†, identity and community.The Vietnamese were simply not considered human beings anymore (Kelman and Hamilton). The American soldiers had come to believe that every man and every woman were Viet Cong and every child would grow up with Viet Cong ideals. Lieut. Calley wrote â€Å"I had no love for these people now. I did have a few weeks earlier, but it had been slowly driven out† (Sack 80). In the same work he says that a captain said to him: â€Å"I sit with my st arlight scope, and I see VC at this village every night. I could go home if I could eliminate it† (Sack 84).When all the South Vietnamese became Viet Cong instead of living, breathing, feeling people, soldiers no longer saw killing them as murder, but as a necessity. When veterans talk about Vietnam, they often talk about trying to find Charlie. Who is Charlie? Unfortunately, our soldiers did not know who this allusive Charlie was either. General W. C. Westmoreland, named by President Johnson to command all forces in Vietnam, knew his task was daunting. How could he root out and kill enemy forces when they could be any Vietnam citizen? Westmoreland says, in a letter to Lt. Col. Lewis L.Millet, â€Å"Here we have an enemy who operates covertly. The battlefield is everywhere-no front to it nor rear. The enemy is here today and fine tomorrow. He moves at night, concentrates, attacks, and then he disappears into the wilderness of a jungle or into the landscape when reaction force s are brought to bear† (Westmoreland, par 3. ) Here we have the commander of all US troops in Vietnam and he admits that they do not know who the enemy is. Twenty-year-old Bob Leahy writes home to his family and explains that when one is in a combat situation, a chance cannot be taken on whether or not a citizen is VC or not.If one waits to find out whether the civilian is armed or just an innocent bystander, it could be too late (Leahy, par 2. ) In addition to my last three points, the orders that the soldiers were issued were extremely vague. Kelman and Hamilton claim written orders were never issued (par 6). All orders were passed by word of mouth; by the time they had traveled through Barker, Medina, Calley and finally to the soldiers, the only message that was conveyed was this: the Son My area must be destroyed (Kelman and Hamilton, par 7). Soldiers were under the impression that only VC would be in that village.The Peers Report, mentioned in Kelman and Hamilton’s composition â€Å"The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience,† said that it is â€Å"reasonable to conclude that LTC Barker’s minimal or nonexistent instructions concerning the handlings of noncombatants created the potential for grave misunderstandings† (par 7). These vague directions were destined to bring about poor results. Because of the ambiguity of the orders, our soldiers cannot be held responsible for the outcome of My Lai. In the time period of Vietnam, soldiers did not question their commander’s orders.It did not matter how absurd the orders were: they were carried out. Lt Calley explains, â€Å"For refusing in order in the face of the enemy, you could be sent to death† (â€Å"Who is Responsible†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). He also states that if he had known My Lai would turn out this way, he would have run from the draft and gone to jail instead (His Own Story, 85). Bob Leahy, in his letter home, says that if someone disobeyed orders, and My Lai was not released to the public, he would serve 5-10 years in Leavenworth Federal Prison for â€Å"cowardice in the face of the enemy or some trash like that† (par 7).As I have previously pointed out, the American forces were following orders when they went into the My Lai village of Son My and killed innocent civilians. Yes, the My Lai incident was a crime, but it was a military crime of obedience. Lieutenant Colonel Barker and his staff planned the Son My raid as a search and destroy mission. Captain Medina was briefed on vague orders and in turn told his men. Lieutenant Calley and other soldiers are not responsible for the events that transpired on March 16, 1968. But perhaps their leaders are.Obeying orders from a lieutenant colonel is not an offense or a crime-it is a custom. Although the My Lai massacre was a horrific event that occurred at the hand of American soldiers, they are not to blame. It was merely a crime of obedience, even though the orders were vague and the soldiers did not know that they could or should question orders. Americans had dehumanized the Vietnamese people, and were very angry. Bob Leahy uses the following analogy: â€Å"If you enrage and tease a lion, and then an innocent person comes along and pets the lion, the innocent person will be mauled† (War Letters, par 4).He says â€Å"This is war and I’ll give a news flash to everyone back in the states-they’re playing for keeps over here. You cannot ask a man to risk her own life and chance of going home in one piece for a Vietnamese civilian who might not have a weapon. Especially when, as in My Lai, they were told only enemy troops and their families lived in the village. It is asking too much† (par 5). Could there have been a different outcome that day? Maybe, maybe not. What was the one true cause of the My Lai massacre? Will we ever know?

Systems analysis and modeling: A macro to micro approach with multidisciplinary applications Essay

The recent price wars between mobile phone industries and supermarkets have been beneficial to the consumers as well as their respective industries. It can be argued that price wars enable customers to save their money, increase consumer utility and lead to great competition. However customers will only enjoy the benefits of price wars in the short-run, but the situation change in the long run. Price wars lead to decrease of prices, but it is essential to evaluate the effect of price decrease on consumer spending. The rationale of this paper is to examine the effect of price wars between mobile phone industries and the supermarkets. Findings and Analysis                  Price wars eliminate marginal players and alter the structure of the market. In case of price wars, few competitors will be willing to enter an unattractive market that greatly rely on low prices for success, and minor competitors leave the market because they are unable to make profits. In some cases, some firms might dominate in the market due to price wars; for example, acquisition of Macro foods by Woolworths in 2009. Price wars have a long-term effect on consumer preference, since consumers are left in a market with fewer players with greater authority. This case mostly applies to supermarkets. Price reduction by retailers weakens the brand investment made by producers (Wallner, 2001). Price wars between mobile phone industries and supermarkets have short-term benefits to the consumer, but they result to decrease in price which has a long-run impact to the consumer. Price cuts emanating from price wars alter consumer expectations for discounting and affect future pricing. Price reduction also affects the capacity of product distribution to small outlets such as bottle shops, local stores and convenience outlets. The price war between Britain’s dominant supermarkets has shifted into mobile market with major supermarkets reducing their prices by half. On the other hand, the rival mobile phone companies maintained that they offered the best price in the market. The mobile phone companies have announced price increase over the last few weeks; however supermarkets slashed down the price for mobile phone service. The supermarkets are able to take the opportunity cost of cutting the prices because they will gain back by selling high margin goods (Eweje & Perry, 201 1). There is price discrimination in calling rates because different mobile phone industries have different tarrifs. The pressure exerted in the markets makes the mobile phones to adjust their prices to attain market equilibrium. In order to understand the current micro and macro-business operations existing in the mobile phone industries and the supermarkets, it is imperative to analyze the social, political and economic structures. The reduction of interest rates by the government has greatly reduced the level of unemployment. In addition the purchasing capability of clients will increase because of the improved financial situation. However, the possibility of huge financial uncertainty will affect consumer spending especially while purchasing bonus products (Boyd, 2001) Analysis on current European demographics shows that there is an increasing trend of ageing population. There is low possibility of old generation to go shopping in the supermarkets as compared to the young generation. The internet literacy is at 65 years, although growing population considers online shopping as efficient. Macro environment is external to the business sector and they are uncontrollable factors that are beyond control by any organization (Forstater, 2007). Appropriate macro environment will enable supermarkets and mobile phone industries to make effective policies and strategies to make changes as well as coping up with changes in the current market. Micro environment on the other hand are the internal factors that mobile phone industries and supermarkets can control. Micro environment have direct impact to an organization because it directly affect its zsuccess and operations. Micro environment will affect an organization’s capacity to serve its clients. Therefore, before supermarkets and mobile phones industries decide on any corporate strategy, they need to appraise their micro environment. Micro environment include all departments existing in an organization and each of these department has a great effect on an organization marketing decisions. The other aspects that are included in micro environment are the publics and the customer market. Thus, mobile phones industries and supermarkets should understand their micro and macro environments so that they can make appropriate strategies that will affect both their success and operations (Wan, 2006).The law of demand and supply will help supermarkets and mobile phone industries to settle on a market equilibrium calling price. In an attempt to run from high calling cost from other mobile ser vice providers, customers ends up in the supermarkets which charges low prices to its mobile customers. However, supermarkets place price premiums on basic items so that they can substitute the low prices which had attracted the customers. It can be argued that, price wars benefit customers in the sort-run, but in the long run they greatly affect the customer (Krugman & Wells, 2009). The cost of mobile phones have fallen to such a level that if the trend carries on, mobile service will be more affordable to much larger parts of the emerging markets population. The price wars ensure that both the supermarkets and mobile phone industries keep checking on their prices so that they can maintain their profits as well as making profits. The supermarkets continue to increase their promotions while other rival companies such as Tesco hold that they will continue being aggressive. There are various factors that have led to the reduction in price of mobile phones. The cost of mobile phones is brought down by heavy subsidies from the government, high levels of competition as well as efforts from local manufacturers who set on selling entry-level phones. The price of mobile phones has been brought down by the anticipated growth of markets (Wessels, 2006). Mobile manufactures are focusing to sell their phones in the emerging markets such as Philippines, Nigeria and India. Mob ile phone manufactures have a great opportunity for the cheap phones to substitute feature phones in the emerging markets. Mobile phones manufactures face the problem of lack of operator subsidies in the emerging markets so that they can support the entry of these cheap mobile phones. As the cost of mobile phones continues to reduce, it is anticipated that emerging markets will receive an increasing number of cheap phones in future. However, there are different approaches of entry of cheap phones to the emerging markets. For example, it was anticipated that there will be a growth of 95% of smartphones in India in 2013, while it was 46% in Brazil. In Brazil the import duties was expected to hamper the cheaper supply effect. By examining the current situation, mobile phones manufacturers who will be able to cope up with the stiff competition in the modern market, will secure a strong stance in the future mobile phone market (Eweje & Perry, 2011). Technology advancement has enabled manufactures to device life-fitting mobile phones that are cheap and affordable. Mobile phones are a very crucial aspect in human daily lives because it enabled people to communicate, socialize and to spur development. Smartphones technology continues to be more prevalent in developed countries; however, the drop in price of phones has drastically changed the situation since smartphones are now more accessible in the emerging markets. Cheap mobile phones are very helpful to the emerging markets, since they will help to revolutionalize the lives of health-care professionals, farmers and educators in the developing nations. Lower price will definitely make smartphones more accessible in emerging products, but there is low internet connectivity in developing countries. Low internet penetration is a major hindrance of entry of cheap smartphones in emerging markets (Forstater, 2007). The high outlay of data plans hinders various people from accessing internet through their phone. There is also high rate of inflation and unemployment in emerging markets which is another hindrance of entry of cheap phones in these markets. Though mobile phones are essential in modern day lives, most people in emerging markets struggle to make their ends meet. In the efforts of developing cheap mobile phones in emerging markets, the issue of insufficient network infrastructure should also be addressed. Mobile network operators should focus on sustainability, where they should develop business structures that permit them to earn returns by bringing data networks to emerging markets (Worthington & Britton, 2006). The network connectivity can be provided by companies like Google; however, the cost imposed to the local economy would be huge. The attempt of brining solutions to the issue of network models in emerging markets, would have adverse effects to the local ecosystem as well as devastating impact to the mobile network operators who provide employment, and to the government who get remunerated for network licenses and use the funds for economic development. Apart from benefiting from cheap mobile phones, emerging will benefit from the internet connections plans that are just to be implemented. The emerging markets will get internet through microwave signals and fiber optics. The local governments will benefit from revenue collected from internet licenses. Conclusion                  Price wars between mobile phone industries and supermarket will benefit both the consumers as well as their respective industries. The price wars will lead to an increasing trend of the cost of mobile phones. The reduction of cost of mobile phones will enable more access of phones in emerging markets. Smartphones are more prevalent in developed countries where they have advanced the lives of farmers, health-care professionals among other people thus encouraging economic development. Emerging markets such as India, Nigeria and Philippines will receive more phones because manufacturers believe that there is a large market in developing nations. Mobile manufacturers have contributed a lot to development in the emerging markets for devising cheap phones that are affordable; however, they should also develop the internet model in the emerging markets. Lastly, cheap mobile will be of great benefit to the emerging markets since they will improve communication am ong other benefits. References Boyd,  D.  W. (2001). Systems analysis and modeling: A macro to micro approach with multidisciplinary applications. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Do consumers really benefit from the supermarket price wars? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/it-pro/do-consumers-really-benefit-from-the-supermarket-price-wars-20110408-1d7g6.html Eweje,  G., & Perry,  M. (2011). Business and sustainability: Concepts, strategies and changes. Bingley, UK: Emerald Group. Forstater,  M. (2007). Economics. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. Krugman,  P.  R., & Wells,  R. (2009). Economics. New York: Worth Publishers. Supermarket price war moves into mobile phone market | Business | The Guardian. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/aug/20/telecoms.supermarkets Wallner,  K., & Centre for Economic Policy Research (Great Britain). (2001). Price wars in finite sequential move price competition. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Wan,  K.  K. (2006). From micro to macro quantum systems: A unified formalism with superselection rules and its applications. London: Imperial College Press. Wessels,  W.  J. (2006). Economics. Hauppauge, NY: Barron’s. Worthington,  I., & Britton,  C. (2006). The business environment. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Source document

Everyday Use Analytical Essay - 973 Words

Characterization is used to address how ignorant a person can be to his or her heritage in the short story â€Å"Everyday Use,† by Alice Walker. The author shows the way of living, of a family to display the reader the way heritage is forgotten and, or ignored. In this short story the author uses a mother, and two daughters, Dee and Maggie, to demonstrate how different the thoughts are between a family and how they honor their heritage. Maggie is used in the story to show the reader how heritage is still followed and respected in a family. The narrator, Mama, describes Maggie’s appearance as not a so good looking girl. She is a burned child from an incident the family had: â€Å"[T]hat fire that burned the other house to the ground† (Mama). Mama†¦show more content†¦She plays both the father and the mother’s role to her two daughters. The narrator stated, â€Å"I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing† (Mama). This informs the reader that there is no man in the house to do this; therefore, the narrator has to do it. Also, Mama is uneducated. Mama said, â€Å"After second grade the school was closed down† (Mama). The narrator stated this in order to let the reader know that the last grade completed by her was second grade and to show how low of an education she has. It also informs the reader how heritage is followed, since only one of her daughters is going to school. In the short story, Mama’s relationship with her daughters is shown to be different from one daughter to the other. Mama mostly always favored Dee, and has good hopes for her future: â€Å"[W]e raised money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school† (Mama). This informed the reader that Mama would put Dee on top, and then Maggie on bottom. Although Mama preferred Dee, she would spend most of her time with Maggie and got along better with her. The narrator always talked about how Dee would make her mother and her sister Maggie’s self esteem go down: â€Å"She washes us in a river of make believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mama). The reader can understand how superior Dee was to her sister and mother and how she would put them down. Dee on the other hand is described in the short story as a strong and selfish girl.Show MoreRelatedReflection On My Work Progress1613 Words   |  7 Pageswriting and its overall material. In high school it was important for me to complete my essays by answering the questions that I was given, but in college, students go more into depth such as focusing on grammar, and well structured ideas that flow along with rich analytical content. After I was given my first assignment I was pushed to improve my overall work by focusing on structure and developing analytical content. 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